The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is used to store information about users, hosts, and many other objects. LDAP injection is a server side attack, which could allow sensitive information about users and hosts represented in an LDAP structure to be disclosed, modified, or inserted. This is done by manipulating input parameters afterwards passed to internal search, add, and modify functions.
A web application could use LDAP in order to let users authenticate or search other users' information inside a corporate structure. The goal of LDAP injection attacks is to inject LDAP search filters metacharacters in a query which will be executed by the application.
[Rfc2254] defines a grammar on how to build a search filter on LDAPv3 and extends [Rfc1960] (LDAPv2).
An LDAP search filter is constructed in Polish notation, also known as [prefix notation].
This means that a pseudo code condition on a search filter like this:
find("cn=John & userPassword=mypass")
will be represented as:
find("(&(cn=John)(userPassword=mypass))")
Boolean conditions and group aggregations on an LDAP search filter could be applied by using the following metacharacters:
| Metachar | Meaning |
|---|---|
| & | Boolean AND |
| | | Boolean OR |
| ! | Boolean NOT |
| = | Equals |
| ~= | Approx |
| >= | Greater than |
| <= | Less than |
| * | Any character |
| () | Grouping parenthesis |
More complete examples on how to build a search filter can be found in the related RFC.
A successful exploitation of an LDAP injection vulnerability could allow the tester to:
Let's suppose we have a web application using a search filter like the following one:
searchfilter="(cn="+user+")"
which is instantiated by an HTTP request like this:
http://www.example.com/ldapsearch?user=John
If the value 'John' is replaced with a '*', by sending the request:
http://www.example.com/ldapsearch?user=*
the filter will look like:
searchfilter="(cn=*)"
which matches every object with a 'cn' attribute equals to anything.
If the application is vulnerable to LDAP injection, it will display some or all of the users' attributes, depending on the application's execution flow and the permissions of the LDAP connected user.
A tester could use a trial-and-error approach, by inserting in the parameter '(', '|', '&', '*' and the other characters, in order to check the application for errors.
If a web application uses LDAP to check user credentials during the login process and it is vulnerable to LDAP injection, it is possible to bypass the authentication check by injecting an always true LDAP query (in a similar way to SQL and XPATH injection ).
Let's suppose a web application uses a filter to match LDAP user/password pair.
searchlogin= "(&(uid="+user+")(userPassword={MD5}"+base64(pack("H*",md5(pass)))+"))";
By using the following values:
user=*)(uid=*))(|(uid=*
pass=password
the search filter will results in:
searchlogin="(&(uid=*)(uid=*))(|(uid=*)(userPassword={MD5}X03MO1qnZdYdgyfeuILPmQ==))";
which is correct and always true. This way, the tester will gain logged-in status as the first user in LDAP tree.
Softerra LDAP Browser - http://www.ldapadministrator.com/
Whitepapers
Sacha Faust: "LDAP Injection: Are Your Applications Vulnerable?" - http://www.networkdls.com/articles/ldapinjection.pdf
Bruce Greenblatt: "LDAP Overview" - http://www.directory-applications.com/ldap3_files/frame.htm
IBM paper: "Understanding LDAP" - http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/SG244986.html
RFC 1960: "A String Representation of LDAP Search Filters" - http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1960.txt